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Several classes of microorganisms have been recognized as extremophiles inhabiting in an extreme environments of heat or cold, pH, salinity, pressure, and even radiation. These extremophiles, having many interesting biological secrets, provide a novel source of discoveries in applied and basic sciences. We studied a new frontier in extremophiles, i.e., microorganisms tolerating toxic levels of boron. Boron (B), a non-metal micronutrient, has been known to be essential for plants since long. Some animals and unicellular eukaryotes also require B but the level of requirement differs among...

As the demand for data reliability increases, coding for error control becomes increasingly important in data transmission systems and has become an integral part of almost all data communication system designs. In recent years, various trellis-based soft-decoding algorithms for linear block codes have been devised. New ideas developed in the study of trellis structure of block codes can be used for improving decoding and analyzing the trellis complexity of convolutional codes. These recent developments provide practicing communication engineers with more choices when designing error control...