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This study begins with an overview of poor relief practices throughout the country, covering the period from the early 1730s to the late 1890s. "Outdoor" and "indoor" relief methods are discussed in detail ("outdoor being a practice in which paupers received at-home aid or were boarded with private families, and "indoor" being one in which paupers were confined to a local institution where they received aid); also discussed are the general public's changing attitudes toward paupers as time passed and society changed. Next, the text draws from original town documents to create a detailed...

Arizona Dranes (1889-1963) was a true musical innovator whose recordings made for the Okeh label during the years 1926-1928 helped lay the foundations for what would soon be known as gospel music. Her unique blend of ragtime, barrelhouse, and boogie woogie piano plus her exciting and emotional Pentecostal style of singing influenced the development of gospel music for the next forty years and beyond. The School of Arizona Dranes: Gospel Music Pioneer covers the life and career of Dranes and situates her accomplishments in the broader history of African American gospel music and the rise of...

Starting in 1945 and continuing for the next twenty years, dozens of African American rhythm and blues artists made records that incorporated West Indian calypso. Some of these recordings were remakes or adaptations of existing calypsos, but many were original compositions. Several, such as “Stone Cold Dead in de Market” by Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Jordan or “If You Wanna Be Happy” by Jimmy Soul, became major hits in both the rhythm and blues and pop music charts. While most remained obscurities, the fact that over 170 such recordings were made during this time period suggests that...