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This volume is an essential handbook for anyone interested in performing the most accurate spectrophotometric or other optical property of materials measurements. The chapter authors were chosen from the leading experts in their respective fields and provide their wisdom and experience in measurements of reflectance, transmittance, absorptance, emittance, diffuse scattering, color, and fluorescence. The book provides the reader with the theoretical underpinning to the methods, the practical issues encountered in real measurements, and numerous examples of important applications.

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In this book, leading experts provide step-by-step, illustrated descriptions of their standard surgical techniques (open and laparoscopic) for diverse gastrointestinal indications and their preferred modifications when confronted by challenging circumstances associated with an increased risk of intra- or postoperative complications. The provision of several points of view for each surgical indication ensures that approaches from the conservative to the more radical are conveyed. It is clearly explained in which situations use of the described technical variations may be indicated, and...