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Since the 1997 Kyoto protocol of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the development of novel refrigerators has been a priority within the scientific community. Although magnetocaloric materials are promising candidates, they still need a large magnetic field to induce a giant T as well as powerful and costly magnets. However, in electrocaloric materials (ECMs) a temperature change may be achieved by applying or removing an electric field. Since a giant electrocaloric effect on ferroelectric thin films was reported in Science in 2006, researchers have been inspired to explore such effect...

Written and edited by pioneers developing a new generation of cooling agents, this is the first book on the properties of electrocaloric materials and their potential in refrigeration. It also covers promising recent advances in ferroelectric thin films.

A gestao do conhecimento trata da gerencia dos fatores que influenciam a manifestacao do conhecimento nas organizacoes. Dentre esses fatores estao a cultura organizacional, a infraestrutura tecnologica, o comprometimento da alta gerencia, a capacitacao e motivacao das pessoas, etc. As organizacoes de software tratam, principalmente, do desenvolvimento e da manutencao de software, que sao atividades de uso intensivo de conhecimento. Alem disso, o mercado de tecnologia da informacao e dinamico e competitivo, fazendo com que a inovacao seja a tonica da industria de software. Em geral, as...