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Post-traumatic chronic ankle pain is a common problem in orthopedic, sports medicine and podiatric clinics. Several causes may lead to persistent pain after ankle trauma including; ankle impingement, instability, chondral and osteochondral lesions of talus,occult syndesmotic injury,..etc. Ankle arthroscopy plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment of such conditions. In this book we reveiw the causes of post traumatic ankle pain and the current methods of treatment of these disorders. Readers of this book,will find adequate information about the technique of ankle arthrosocopy, as...

Many cities around the world are facing the global problems such as the problem of running-out of fossil fuels and their increasing global demand, consequently the future of cities is limited because there is no longer enough energy to run them. It is the gap between the uses of fossil fuels and the exponential rise in the demand of energy which already resulting in the energy insecurity that will be a hallmark of life and in all countries in the next decades. Another one is the emissions of greenhouse gases arising from burning of fossil fuels to generate energy that leads to climate change...

Free vascularized fibular graft can be transferred to reconstruct skeletal defects of the extremities. It may be combined with skin, fascia, muscle, and growth-plate tissue to address the needs of the recipient site. It may be cut transversely and folded to reconstruct the length and width of tibial or femoral defects. The main indications for this graft are defects larger than 5 to 6 cm or with poor vascularity of the surrounding soft tissues. Detailed preoperative planning, experience in microvascular techniques, and careful postoperative follow-up are necessary to minimize complications...