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Lymphoma is a neoplasm of the immune system cells and their precursors. Despite their common origin from bone marrow, these tumors exhibit a wide range of immunological and genetic characteristics, which reflect the diversity of their normal counterpart cells. Lymphoid malignancies arise from both B and T cell compartments of the immune system. The cytogenetic analysis of lymphomas is hampered by the low yield and poor quality of metaphase spreads. More recently however, the application of techniques such as FISH and PCR, for which culturing of tumor cells is not a pre-requisite, has...

Human papilloma viruses (HPV) have been implicated in the genesis of several human cancers, including squamous tumors of the upper respiratory tract. Although it is known that tobacco and alcohol are the main causal agents, epidemiologic and molecular studies have suggested a role for HPV infection in the pathogenesis of laryngeal tumors. Despite the large number of reports about HPV prevalence in these anatomical regions, the role of HPV in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx is poorly understood. In benign lesions caused by HPV, viral DNA is located extrachromosomally...