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This book presents an English translation of Ali Paşa’s political testament with an introduction on the political events of his time.

This is a study of the application of the economic theory of integration in developing countries attempts to assess the development of common markets and free trade areas in the contemporary developing world.

The book is the history of reform attempts in the Ottoman Empire and the internal and external difficulties in implementing them. Imperialist aggression towards the Empire and bloody janissary revolts hampered the reforms, and although some successes in governance were achieved, there were many failures, and these contributed to the demise of the Empire at the end of the First World War. Reforms began in 1718 during the period known as the Tulip Era, which ended in 1730 with a bloody janissary uprising. Sultan Selim III, who reigned from 1789 to 1807, then tried to engage with domestic and...