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Over the last half century scholars from a range of disciplines have attempted to theorise silence. Naively we tend to think of silence negatively, as a lack, an emptiness. Yet silence studies shows that silence is more than mere absence. All speech incorporates silence, not only in the gaps between words or the pauses that facilitate turn taking, but in the omissions that result from the necessary selectivity of communicative acts. Thus silence is significant in and of itself; it is a sign that has socially-constructed (albeit context -dependent and ambiguous) meanings.

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When originally published this book reported the first major application of labelling theory to deviance in classrooms. The authors explore the nature of classroom rules, show how they constitute a pervasive feature of the classroom, and examine the ways in which teachers use these rules as grounds for imputing deviance to pupils. A theory of social typing is developed to show how teachers come to define certain pupils as deviant persons such as troublemakers and several case-studies are used to document this analysis. Finally, the teachers reactions to disruptive classroom conduct are...