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There are more than 18 sub-types of breast cancer. Risk factors for developing breast cancer include: female sex, obesity, lack of physical exercise, drinking alcohol, hormone replacement therapy during menopause, ionizing radiation, early age at first menstruation, having children late or not at all, and older age. Excessive estrogens are involved in breast, uterine and ovarian cancer development. Estrogen receptors (ER) are hence important targets for drugs that can be used to control diseases such as cancer and disorders caused by hormonal imbalances and inflammatory reactions.

HIV, Influenza virus and Neisseria meningitidis B continue to pose a severe threat worldwide, causing thousands of deaths and an enormous economic loss every year. The major problem in fighting with these infectious diseases is high genetic variability and rapid formation of variants that escape the acquired immunity against previous strains, or have resistance to antimicrobial agents. Therefore, development of an alternative antimicrobial strategy that can be applicable to any new strain without prior prediction is the high priority in pharmaceutical industry. The administration of vaccines...

Peptides are key regulators of life. They play crucial role in signaling mechanism. Even though a peptide is a short polymer of amino acids still it can regulate factors like blood pressure ex: hormone vasopressin. Peptides used as small molecule drugs, antigens, hormones and ligands in biotech industry. Peptide structural study is important to understand the information carried to cell. This book explains why peptide structure is complex. Peptide structures are stable and relatively rigid. Peptides with similar function typically have similar structure. Inside peptides similarity in...