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This chapter describes the processes involved in the transport of material over hillslopes. Hillslopes provide the gradients enabling material to be transported from the slopes themselves towards the valley bottoms, directly by gravity alone, or by water flowing down over the surface. Gravity has the potential to transfer material downslope if the material resistance to counteact it is insufficient. Similarly, water and wind flowing along the surface exert a drag on soil particles and have the potential to entrain material. After the gradient has fallen below a critical threshold to keep the...

Due to an increasing population and rapid urbanization, crop production demand is high, and global food security is at risk. Challenges such as rising temperatures and environmental degradation need to be addressed quickly and effectively. This book discusses agriculture, climate change, and the ecosystem in the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Chapters examine the various types of environmental stressors that negatively impact crop yield (drought, salinity, high temperatures) and how to mitigate them. They also present case studies from different parts of the...

This chapter describes the processes involved in the transport of material over hillslopes. Hillslopes provide the gradients enabling material to be transported from the slopes themselves towards the valley bottoms, directly by gravity alone, or by water flowing down over the surface. Gravity has the potential to transfer material downslope if the material resistance to counteact it is insufficient. Similarly, water and wind flowing along the surface exert a drag on soil particles and have the potential to entrain material. After the gradient has fallen below a critical threshold to keep the...