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This volume examines the trajectory of Pakistan’s democratic transition and the implications of this change for its security. In May 2013, for the first time in its 66-year history, Pakistan saw an elected government complete a full term in office and transfer power through the ballot box to another civilian government. At this important moment in Pakistan’s history, this collection brings together twelve leading academics and writers with an aim to provide a far-reaching analysis of the current situation in Pakistan and emergent trends. Drawing on history, diverse theoretical...

The atomic force microscope (AFM) was originally utilised for its imaging capabilities. The full potential of the AFM as a three-dimensional force profiling instrument is only now being realised in an increasingly broad range of fields. One of the key requirements for AFM measurements is the quantification of both in-plane and out-of-plane forces acting between the tip and the sample. In this book the procedure for calibration and the various factors to consider when undertaking such studies is outlined with a focus on force-versus-distance and frictional measurements. Examples of surface...