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Degradation and deterioration of structures caused by physical and chemical damage results in decrease in performance with time, physical damage occurs due to fire, abrasion or expansion and contraction stresses while chemical damage occurs due to harsh environment. Lack of durability of concrete or initiation of cracking is caused mainly due to volume change in concrete caused by corrosion of reinforcement. A case study on structures situated around city of Bhopal has been presented here. Numerous deteriorated structures of different age groups have been surveyed and around hundred RC...

Resistance status of chloroquine, basoquine and sulphadoxine-pyremethamine against Plasmodium falciparum in Punjab, Pakistan was tested by in vivo and in vitro study techniques and found 38.6% resistance to chloroquine and 34.8% to basoquine. Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine found effective with only 5.7% resistance. Comparison Traditional microscopy showed 4.47 % false positive detection (p<0.000) as compared to rapid drug test. As chloroquine and basoquine has crossed resistance percentage >10%, mono therapy with these drugs should be replaced with combination of artemether in Punjab, Pakistan.