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"Ephedra" is a gymnospermic genus of Gnetales and family Ephedraceae. The genus is represented by forty-two species from the world, among them nine are provisionally reported from Pakistan. It is recognized for fourteen phyto-chemicals, among them ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine are the most important, widely used as bronchodilators and decongestants. Traditionally the plant is used for respiratory tract diseases and to enhance the effect of snuff. Besides its use as medicine, some of its species are used as diet supplement for weight reduction. Quantity and quality of chemicals present in the...

The genus Mentha includes perennial herbs, generally cultivated for their essential oils used for medicinal and aromatic purposes. The number of species in the genus Mentha has been a matter of confusion due to high polymorphism in morphology and great diversity in essential oil composition. Previously the Mentha collections have been classified on morphological traits in Pakistan. This thesis is the first documented report of using molecular as well as numerical techniques for dissecting Mentha specimens collected from Kunhar River catchment of Hazara region. For numerical analysis twenty...