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Livelihood diversification is utmost important in order to reduce vulnerability and to improve standard of living of farmers. The study was undertaken in Uttar Dinajpur and Darjeeling districts of West Bengal, India. Diversification index of study area was 0.46. Darjeeling district was more diversified compared to Uttar Dinajpur district. The single most diversification activity was trading, with 12.03 per cent of adults diversified into trade. Significant percentages of women (38.31%) are involved in diversification activities. In low income group, degree of diversification rises with per...

Besides being a health hazard, contamination of milk can lead to huge economical losses. Contamination occurs at different levels: at farm level, during collection and storage, and at processing centres. Milk contains many essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals and vitamins and therefore acts as an ideal medium for rapid proliferation of harmful microorganisms. Milk needs to be protected from all possible sources of microbial contamination and various types of disease organisms. When the milk is secreted from the udder, it is almost sterile. The employment of...