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Harsh "racial" segregation during the Jim Crow era prevented South Carolina's Indian groups from assimilating. Due to their three-fold genetic admixture, they were labeled with such fanciful names as Red Bones, Brass Ankles, Croatans, Turks, and "not real Indians" at all. For generations, South Carolina's remaining Indians struggled to avoid reduction to the oppressed social status of "Negroes." Their desperation eventually fostered anti-Black sentiment within some of the groups, an affliction that still infects a few of the older community members.

Generations have passed since the Jim...

Rediscovery of a Forgotten People

In the early 1800s, dozens of Siouan-speaking Cheraw families, including Catawbas and Lumbees, fled war and oppression in the Carolinas and migrated to Florida, just as native Appalachicola Creeks were migrating away. Being neither Black nor White, the Cheraw descendants were persecuted by the harsh "racial" dichotomy of the Jim Crow era and almost forgot their proud heritage. Today they have rediscovered their past. This is their story.

The Authors, both descendants of the Hill family, have worked together on research projects for twenty years...