Environmental Analysis Laboratory Handbook

ISBN-13: 9781119724803 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 320 str.

Anshul Nigam; Rupal Gupta

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Preface xxiAcknowledgement xxiiiTable of Abbreviations xxvTable of Symbols xxviiList of Figures xxixList of Tables xxxiiiList of Chemicals and Respective Molecular Weight xxxv1 Air, Water and Soil: An Environmental Perspective 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Air 21.2.1 Composition of Air 21.2.2 Air Pollution 31.2.3 Air Pollutants 31.2.4 Adverse Effect of Contaminants 51.3 Water 61.3.1 Properties of Water Molecule 61.3.2 Global Significance of Water 81.3.3 Environmental Monitoring 91.3.4 Water Quality Assessment in Recycling 101.3.5 Wastewater Treatment Plant 101.3.6 Working of Sewage Treatment Plant 111.4 Soil 121.4.1 Importance of Soil 131.4.2 Types of Soil 131.4.3 Soil Pollution 141.4.4 Types of Soil Pollution 141.4.5 Anthropogenic Activities 151.4.6 Health Effects 161.4.7 Ecosystem Effects 161.4.8 Methods to Reduce Soil Pollution 17References 182 Determination of Physical Properties of Environmental Samples 212.1 Introduction 212.2 Determination of Specific Gravity or Density in the Given Water Sample 222.2.1 Principle 222.2.2 Material Required 252.2.3 Procedure for Specific Gravity Measurements Using Pycnometer/Volumetric Flask 262.2.4 Observation Table 262.2.4.1 Measurement of Specific Gravity of Water Sample 262.2.4.2 Readings of Pycnometer 262.2.5 Calculations 272.2.6 Results 272.2.7 Notes 272.3 Determination of Turbidity of Given Water Sample 282.3.1 Principle 282.3.2 Nephelometric Method 282.3.3 Material Required 292.3.4 Procedure 302.3.5 Standard Curve 302.3.6 Calculation 312.3.7 Note 312.4 Determination of Total Suspended Solids 312.4.1 Principle 312.4.2 Material Required 322.4.3 Procedure 322.4.4 Observation 332.4.5 Observation Table 332.4.6 Calculation 342.4.7 Results 342.4.8 Notes 342.5 Determination of Total Dissolved Solids 342.5.1 Principle 342.5.2 Material Required 352.5.3 Procedure 362.5.4 Observations Table 362.5.5 Calculation 362.5.6 Result 362.5.7 Notes 372.6 Determination of the Moisture Content of Soil 372.6.1 Principle 372.6.2 Material Required 372.6.3 Procedure 382.6.4 Observation 382.6.5 Calculations 382.6.6 Result 382.7 Determination of pH Using Universal Indicator 392.7.1 Principle 392.7.2 pH of Natural Water Bodies 402.7.3 Effects of pH Variation on Aquatic Life 402.7.4 Universal Indicator 402.7.5 Dyes 402.7.5.1 Methyl Orange 402.7.5.2 Methyl Red 412.7.5.3 Bromothymol Blue 412.7.5.4 Phenolphthalein 422.7.6 Material Required 432.7.7 Reagents Preparations 432.7.8 Procedure 432.7.9 Observations 432.7.10 Results 442.7.11 Notes 442.8 pH Determination by Using pH Meter 452.8.1 Principle 452.8.2 Material Required 472.8.3 Reagent Preparation 472.8.4 Procedures 482.8.5 Result 482.8.6 Notes 482.9 pH Determination of Soil 482.9.1 Principle 482.9.2 Materials Required 492.9.3 Procedure 492.9.4 Observation 502.9.5 Results 502.10 Determination of pH of Soil by Using pH Meter 502.10.1 Principle 502.10.2 Material Required 502.10.3 Procedure 502.10.4 Result 512.11 Determination of pH of Soil by Using Universal Indicator 512.11.1 Principle 512.11.2 Reagent Preparation 512.11.3 Procedure 522.11.4 Observation Table 522.12 Determination of Conductivity of Water 532.12.1 Principle 532.12.2 Calibration of the Instrument 542.12.3 Reagent Preparation 542.12.4 Steps to be Followed for Calibration 542.12.5 Notes 55References 553 Analysis of Organic Matter in Environmental Samples 613.1 Introduction 613.2 Determination of the Organic Content in Soil 623.2.1 Principle 623.2.2 Material Required 633.2.3 Reagent Preparation 633.2.4 Procedure 633.2.5 Observation Table 643.2.6 Calculations 643.2.7 Notes 653.3 Determination of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of Soil 653.3.1 Principle 653.3.2 Importance of CEC 663.3.3 Material Required 663.3.4 Reagent Preparation 663.3.5 Procedure 663.3.6 Calculations 673.3.7 Note 673.4 Rapid Method for the Determination of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of Soil 683.4.1 Material Required 683.4.2 Reagent Preparation 683.4.3 Procedure 683.4.4 Calculations 693.4.5 Notes 693.5 Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) by Winkler's Method 693.5.1 Principle 693.5.2 Material Required 713.5.3 Reagents Preparation 713.5.4 Procedure 713.5.5 Observation Table 723.5.5.1 Dissolved Oxygen Initial or DO 0 723.5.5.2 Dissolved Oxygen After 5 Days or DO 5 723.5.6 Calculation 733.5.7 Result 733.5.8 Notes 733.6 Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand by Dilution/Seeding Method 743.6.1 Material Required 743.6.2 Reagent Preparation 753.6.3 Sample Preparation 763.6.4 Procedure 763.6.5 Observations 773.6.6 Observations Table 783.6.6.1 Dissolved Oxygen Initial or DO 0 783.6.6.2 Dissolved Oxygen After 5 Days or DO 5 783.6.7 Calculations 783.6.8 Result 793.6.9 Note 793.7 Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand by Potassium Permanganate Method 793.7.1 Principle 793.7.2 Material Required 803.7.3 Reagent Preparation 803.7.4 Procedure 813.7.5 Observation Table 813.7.6 Calculations 813.7.7 Result 823.7.8 Notes 823.8 Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand for Sewage Waste (Samples that do not contain Chloride, Nitrate, Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds) 823.8.1 Principle 823.8.2 Material Required 823.8.3 Reagent Preparation 823.8.4 Procedure 833.8.5 Observation Table 833.8.6 Calculations 833.8.7 Result 843.8.8 Notes 843.9 Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand for Toxic Organic Waste Sample That Contains Chloride, Nitrate, Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds 843.9.1 Principle 843.9.2 Material Required 843.9.3 Procedure 853.9.4 Observation 853.9.5 Observations Table 863.9.6 Calculations 863.9.7 Result 863.9.8 Note 86References 864 Spectrophotometric and Titrimetric Methods for Determination of Anions 914.1 Introduction 914.2 Determination of Sulphate Content for the Given Water Samples 924.2.1 Principle 924.2.2 Acid Rain 934.2.3 Problems Caused by Sulphur 934.2.4 Spectrophotometric Method 934.2.5 Material Required 944.2.6 Reagent Preparation 944.2.7 Procedure 954.2.8 Observation Table 954.2.9 Results 964.2.10 Notes 964.3 Determination of Phosphate Content in Environmental Samples 964.3.1 Importance of Phosphate 964.3.2 Eutrophication 974.3.3 Principle 984.3.4 Material Required 984.3.5 Reagent Preparation 984.3.6 Procedure 994.3.7 Procedure Estimation of Phosphate in Soil 994.3.8 Observation Table 994.3.9 Note 1004.4 Estimation of Nitrite and Nitrate in Water by Spectrophotometric Method 1004.4.1 Principle 1004.4.2 Materials Required 1024.4.3 Reagent Preparation 1024.4.4 Procedure 1024.4.5 Estimation Nitrite and Nitrate in Soil Sample 1034.4.6 Calculations 1034.4.7 Observation Table 1044.4.8 Notes 1054.5 Determination of Chloride Content in Water by Mohr's Method 1054.5.1 Principle 1054.5.2 Mohr's Method 1064.5.3 Importance 1064.5.4 Material Required 1064.5.5 Procedure 1074.5.6 Observation Table 1074.5.7 Calculation 1074.5.8 Result 1084.6 Determination of Chloride Content in Water by Volhard's Method 1084.6.1 Principle 1084.6.2 Material Required 1094.6.3 Reagent Preparation 1094.6.4 Procedure 1094.6.5 Observation Table 1094.6.6 Calculation 1094.6.7 Result 1104.6.8 Note 1104.7 Determination of Fluoride Content in Water 1104.7.1 Principle 1104.7.2 Material Required 1124.7.3 Reagent Preparation 1124.7.4 Procedure 1124.7.5 For Resorcin Blue Method: Preparation of Fluoride Working Standards 1134.7.6 Note 1134.8 Determination of Fluoride Content in Water Using Azurol B and Malachite Green 1144.8.1 Principle 1144.8.2 Material Required 1144.8.3 Reagent Preparation 1154.8.4 Procedure 1154.8.5 For Malachite Green Method, Preparation of Fluoride Working Standards 1164.8.6 For Azurol B Method, Preparation of Fluoride Working Standards 1174.9 Determination of Cyanide (Cyanide Anion) by Spectrophotometric Method 1174.9.1 Principle 1174.9.2 Cyanide Toxicity 1184.9.3 Material Required 1194.9.4 Reagent Preparations 1194.9.5 Procedure 1204.9.6 Calculation 1204.9.7 Single Reagent Method 1204.9.8 Observation Table 1214.9.9 Notes 121References 1225 Determination of Air Pollutants Using Titrimetric and Spectrophotometric Methods 1295.1 Introduction 1295.2 Determination of Particulate Matter in Air 1315.2.1 Principle 1315.2.2 Material Required 1325.2.3 Procedure 1325.2.4 Calculations 1335.2.5 Result 1335.3 Determination of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) in Air 1335.3.1 Principle 1335.3.2 Material Required 1345.3.3 Reagent Preparation 1345.3.4 Procedure 1355.3.5 Calibration Curve 1355.3.6 Calculation 1365.3.7 Notes 1365.4 Determination of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) in Air 1375.4.1 Principle 1375.4.2 Material Required 1385.4.3 Reagent Preparation 1385.4.4 Procedure 1385.4.5 For Estimation of NO2 in Air 1385.4.6 Calculation 1395.4.7 Results 1395.5 Determination of Ozone Content in Air 1395.5.1 Principle 1395.5.2 Material Required 1415.5.3 Reagent Preparation 1415.5.4 Procedure 1415.5.5 Calculations 1425.5.6 Notes 1425.6 Determination of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in Atmosphere 1425.6.1 Principle 1425.6.2 Material Required 1445.6.3 Protocol 1445.6.4 Calculation 1445.6.5 Note 1455.7 Determination of Air Quality Using Chlorophyll as Biomarker 1455.7.1 Principle 1455.7.2 Material Required 1455.7.3 Procedure 1465.7.4 Calculations 1475.7.5 Result 147References 1476 Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of Heavy Metals 1516.1 Introduction 1516.2 Arsenic Determination by Using Variamine Blue 1536.2.1 Toxicity of Arsenic 1536.2.2 Principle 1556.2.3 Material Required 1556.2.4 Procedure 1556.2.5 Determination of Arsenic in Soil 1566.2.6 Standard Preparation 1576.2.7 Notes 1596.3 Arsenic Determination by Using Rhodamine-B 1596.3.1 Principle 1596.3.2 Material Required 1606.3.3 Procedure 1606.3.4 Standard Preparation 1616.3.5 Notes 1616.4 Chromium (VI) Determination by Using 1,5-diphenylcarbazide 1626.4.1 Mechanism of Chromium Toxicity 1626.4.2 Principle 1626.4.3 Material Required 1626.4.4 Reagent Preparation 1636.4.5 Procedure 1636.4.6 Standard Preparation 1636.4.7 Notes 1646.5 Lead (II) Determination by 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMTD) 1646.5.1 Application of Lead 1646.5.2 Lead Toxicity 1656.5.3 Principle 1656.5.4 Material Required 1656.5.5 Reagent Preparation 1656.5.6 Procedure 1666.5.7 Standard Preparation 1666.5.8 Notes 1676.6 Lead (II) Determination by using 5-Bromo-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde-p-hydroxybenzoic hydrazine (BHMBHBH) 1676.6.1 Principle 1676.6.2 Material Required 1686.6.3 Reagent Preparation 1686.6.4 Procedure 1686.6.5 Standard Preparation 1696.6.6 Notes 1696.7 Mercury (II) Determination by using 2-Acetylpyridine Thiosemicarbazone (APT) 1706.7.1 Mercury Toxicity 1706.7.2 Mechanism of Toxicity 1706.7.3 Material Required 1716.7.4 Reagent Preparation 1726.7.5 Sample Preparation 1726.7.6 Procedure 1726.7.7 Estimation of Mercury in Soil 1736.7.8 Standard Preparation 1736.7.9 Notes 1746.8 Mercury (II) Determination by Using Diphenyl Thiocarbazone 1746.8.1 Principle 1746.8.2 Material Required 1746.8.3 Reagent Preparation 1756.8.4 Sample Preparation 1756.8.5 Procedure 1756.8.6 Determination of Mercury in Soil 1756.8.7 Standard Preparation 1766.8.8 Notes 1776.9 Nickel (II) Determination by Using (E)-N1-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylidene) Isonicotinoyl Hydrazone (HNBISNH) and 2-(4-fluoro benzylideneamino) Benzene Thiol (FBBT) 1776.9.1 Principle 1776.9.2 Importance of Nickel 1776.9.3 Material Required 1786.9.4 Reagent Preparation 1786.9.5 Procedure 1796.9.6 Determination of Nickel in Soil 1806.9.7 Standard Preparation 1806.9.8 Notes 1806.10 Cadmium Determination by Using 1, 2-Dihydroxy Anthraquinone-3-Sulphonic Acid, Sodium Salt (Alizarin red S) 1816.10.1 Principle and Importance 1816.10.2 Material Required 1826.10.3 Reagent Preparation 1826.10.4 Procedure 1836.10.5 Determination of Cadmium in Soil 1836.10.6 Calibration Curve in the Range of 1 mug/ml to 40 mug/ml 1846.10.7 Notes 1846.11 Cadmium Determination by Using 5,7-Dibromo-8-Hydroxyquinoline (DBHQ) 1856.11.1 Principle 1856.11.2 Material Required 1856.11.3 Reagent Preparation 1866.11.4 Procedure 1866.11.5 Determination of Cadmium in Soil 1866.11.6 Standard Preparation 1876.11.7 Notes 1886.12 Copper Determination by Using Thio Mishler's Ketone (TMK) 1886.12.1 Principle 1886.12.2 Material Required 1896.12.3 Reagent Preparation 1896.12.4 Procedure 1906.12.5 Standard Preparation 1916.12.6 Notes 1926.13 Selenium Determination by Using Azure B and Thionin 1926.13.1 Importance of Selenium 1926.13.2 Toxicity of Selenium 1926.13.3 Principle 1936.13.4 Material Required 1936.13.5 Reagent Preparation 1946.13.6 Sample Preparation 1946.13.7 Procedure 1946.13.8 Estimation of Selenium in Soil 1956.13.9 Standard Preparation for Azure B Method 1956.13.10 Standard Preparation for Thionin B Method 1966.13.11 Notes 1966.14 Zinc Determination by Using 5, 7-Dibromo-8-ydroxyquinoline (DBHQ) 1976.14.1 Importance of Zinc 1976.14.2 Zinc Toxicity 1976.14.3 Principle 1976.14.4 Material Required 1986.14.5 Reagent Preparation 1986.14.6 Sample Preparation 1986.14.7 Procedure 1996.14.8 Standard Preparation 1996.14.9 Notes 2006.15 Iron Determination 2006.15.1 Principle 2006.15.2 Reagent Preparation 2016.15.3 Procedure 2026.15.4 Estimation of Iron in Water 2026.15.5 Standard Preparation 2036.15.6 Notes 204References 2047 Determination of Carbonates in Environmental Samples 2137.1 Introduction 2137.2 Determination of the Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Content of Soil 2147.2.1 Principle 2147.2.2 Material Required 2147.2.3 Reagent Preparation 2147.2.4 Procedure 2157.2.5 Observation Table 2157.2.6 Calculations 2167.2.7 Result 2167.2.8 Notes 2167.3 Determination of the Hardness of Water 2167.3.1 Principle 2167.3.2 Some Strategies to "Soften" Hard Water 2177.3.3 Materials Required 2197.3.4 Reagent Preparation 2197.3.5 Procedure 2207.3.6 Observation Table 2207.3.7 Calculation 2217.3.8 Result 2217.4 Determination of Acidity and Total Acidity of Effluent Sample by Titrimetric Method 2217.4.1 Principle 2217.4.2 Material Required 2227.4.3 Reagent Preparation 2227.4.4 Procedure 2227.4.5 Observation Table 2237.4.6 Calculation 2237.4.7 Result 2247.5 Determination of Alkalinity and Total Alkalinity of Effluent Sample by Titrimetric Method 2247.5.1 Principle 2247.5.2 Material Required 2247.5.3 Reagent Preparation 2247.5.4 Procedure 2257.5.5 Observation Table 2257.5.6 Calculation 2267.5.7 Result 226References 2268 Microbial Examination of Potable Water 2298.1 Introduction 2298.2 Microbial Estimation in Water by Filter Disc Method 2328.2.1 Principle 2328.2.2 Material Required 2328.2.3 Reagent Preparation 2328.2.4 Procedure 2328.2.5 Result 2338.2.6 Notes 2338.3 Microbial Examination by Gram Staining 2338.3.1 Principle 2338.3.2 Material Required 2348.3.3 Procedure 2348.3.4 Result 2358.3.5 Note 2358.4 MPN (Most Probable Number) Method for Assessment of Water Quality 2358.4.1 Principle 2358.4.2 Presumptive Test 2368.4.2.1 Media Preparation (For Testing Single Water Sample) 2368.4.2.2 Procedure 2378.4.2.3 Alternative Media (For Testing Single Water Sample) 2378.4.2.4 Procedure 2388.4.2.5 Observation Table for Presumptive Test 2408.4.2.6 Results 2458.4.2.7 Note 2458.4.3 Confirmed Test 2458.4.3.1 Media Preparation for Confirmed Test 2458.4.3.2 Procedure 2458.4.3.3 Result 2468.4.4 Completed Test 2468.4.4.1 Media Preparation for Completed Test 2468.4.4.2 Procedure 2468.4.4.3 Results 247References 247Appendix I 251Appendix II 253Appendix III 255Index 257

O autorze

Anshul Nigam, PhD, has completed his Masters and PhD from IIT Kanpur and IIT Bombay, respectively. He is the recipient of prestigious GATE, DBT and NDF fellowships in India and has eight years of experience in both academia and industry. He is currently associated with Amity University of Maharashtra as senior assistant professor and has received grants from industry for various projects. He has several publications in a variety of topics ranging from drug discovery to bioremediation.Rupal Gupta is a graduate student at Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Mumbai. She received an internship in biotech and environmental start-ups and has presented her work in various national and international conferences.