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Who gains all his ends did set the level too low. Although the history of trading on financial markets started a long and possibly not exactly definable time ago, most financial analysts agree that the core of mathematical finance dates back to the year 1973. Not only did the world's first option exchange open its doors in Chicago in that year but Black and Scholes published their pioneering paper BS73] on the pricing and hedging of contingent claims. Since then their explicit pricing formula has become the market standard for pricing European stock op tions and related financial...

Who gains all his ends did set the level too low. Although the history of trading on financial markets started a long and possibly not exactly definable time ago, most financial analysts agree that the core of mathematical finance dates back to the year 1973. Not only did the world's first option exchange open its doors in Chicago in that year but Black and Scholes published their pioneering paper BS73] on the pricing and hedging of contingent claims. Since then their explicit pricing formula has become the market standard for pricing European stock op tions and related financial...

During the last decades completely new technologies for high speed railway vehicles have been developed. The primary goals have been to increase traction, axle load, and travelling speed, and to guarantee the safety of the passengers. However, new developments have revealed new limitations: settlement and destruction of the ballast and the subgrade lead to deterioration of the track; irregular wear of the wheels causes an increase in overall load and deterioration in passenger comfort; and damage of the running surfaces of the rail and the wheel is becoming more frequent. These problems have...