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For nearly half a century, the Woman's Missionary Society (WMS) of the Methodist Church of Canada provided a rare opportunity for more than 300 single women to work in Japan, West China, and Canada. The all-female administrative structure of the WMS and the remoteness of the missionary stations provided relief from much of the gender-based tension and professional jealousy that inhibited women's entrance to and advancement in male-dominated professions in Canada. Within a profession where, in theory at least, neither their spinsterhood nor their sex was held against them, these women sought...

Between 1890 and 1910 scientific and technological innovation transformed the custodial Victorian charity hospital for the sick poor into the primary source of effective acute medical care for all members of society. For the next half century hospitals coped with relentlessly escalating demands for accessibility by both medical indigents and a new clientele of patients able and willing to pay for hospitalization. With limited statutory revenues and unpredictable voluntary support, hospitals taxed paying patients through ever-increasing user fees, offering in return privacy, comfort, service,...