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An estimated 350 to 600 million indigenous people reside across the globe. Numerous governments fail to recognize its indigenous peoples living within their borders. It was not until the latter part of the twentieth century that the genocide of indigenous peoples became a major focus of human rights activists, non-governmental organizations, international development and finance institutions such as the United Nations and the World Bank, and indigenous and other community-based organizations.

Scholars and activists began paying greater attention to the struggles between Fourth World...

Africa and the Middle East are undergoing dramatic environmental, demographic, economic, and political transformations. This volume turns the spotlight on 14 endangered cultures as examples of how diverse peoples are coping with these radical evolutions in the 21st century. Little-known groups such as the Ogoni of Nigeria, who face environmental degradation from multinational exploitation of oil resources and government collusion, are presented alongside well-known groups like the Kurds, some of whom have been displaced as a result of civil war and live beneath a repressive Iraqi regime....

This book presents a critical review of the ethics of conservation-related resettlement. We examine what has become known as the” parks versus people” debate, also known as the “new conservation debate,” which has pitted indigenous and other local people against nation states and social scientists against ecologists and conservationists for the past several decades. Aiming to promote biodiversity conservation and habitat preservation, some biologists, park planners, and conservation organizations have recommended that indigenous and other people should be removed from protected...