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In modern cryptography, an encryption system is usually studied in the so-called black-box model. In this model, the cryptosystem is seen as an oracle replying to message encryption (and/or decryption) queries according to a secret value: the key. The security of the cryptosystem is then defined following a simple game. An adversary questions the oracle about the encryption (and/or decryption) of messages of its choice and, depending on the answers, attempts to recover the value of the secret key (or to encrypt/decrypt a message for which he did not query the oracle). If by following an...