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During the past few decades, endodontic treatment has benefited from the development of new techniques and equipments, which have improved the outcome and predictability of the treatment. Important attributes in equipments, materials and techniques such as operating microscope and ultrasonic instruments have found indispensable applications in a number of dental procedures in periodontology, to a much lesser extent in restorative dentistry, while being very prominently used in endodontics. Ultrasonic in endodontics has enhanced the quality of treatment and represents an important adjunct in...

The major goals of root canal treatment are to clean and shape the root canal system and seal it in three dimensions to prevent reinfection of the tooth. With the emergence of modern instruments and techniques it is bygone just to extract teeth solely due to periapical disease and endodontic failures. Further the naturally retained tooth will be recognized as the ultimate dental implant. There has been massive growth in endodontic retreatment in recent years. The multiplicity of issues involved in endodontic retreatment is discussed in this book. As per the need for retreatment, the major...