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This innovative study illuminates the role of polemical literature in the political life of the Roman empire by examining the earliest surviving invectives directed against a living emperor. Written by three bishops (Athanasius of Alexandria, Hilary of Poitiers, Lucifer of Cagliari), these texts attacked Constantius II (337 61) for his vicious and tyrannical behaviour, as well as his heretical religious beliefs. This book explores the strategies employed by these authors to present themselves as fearless champions of liberty and guardians of faith, as they sought to bolster their authority at...

The Roman emperor Constantius II (337-361) has frequently been maligned as a heretic, standing in sharp contrast to his father Constantine I, who set in motion the Christianisation of the Roman world and the establishment of Nicene orthodoxy. This reputation is the result of the overwhelming negative presentation of Constantius in the surviving literature written by orthodox Christians, who regarded him as an 'Arian' persecutor.
This volume presents new translations of texts that were central to the shaping of this hostile legacy: contemporary invectives against the emperor by three...

The Roman emperor Constantius II (337-361) has frequently been maligned as a heretic, standing in sharp contrast to his father Constantine I, who set in motion the Christianisation of the Roman world and the establishment of Nicene orthodoxy. This reputation is the result of the overwhelming negative presentation of Constantius in the surviving literature written by orthodox Christians, who regarded him as an 'Arian' persecutor.
This volume presents new translations of texts that were central to the shaping of this hostile legacy: contemporary invectives against the emperor by three...