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Remarkable deficiency in fish production, due to many factors including water pollution and parasitism, was evident. The common parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is one of the most important protozoan pathogens of freshwater fish throughout the world. Examination of freshwater fish representing four different species of Tilapia from the River Nile revealed higher percent of infection in Oreochromis niloticus, followed by Oreochromis aureus, Sarotherodon galilaeus and Tilapia zilli. Upon the initial natural infections, typical white spots characteristic of "Itch" appeared on...

Protein deficiency is one of the major problems facing world today. Nowadays, fish considered as the main important and favorite source of animal protein for human consumption. In Egypt, the continuous increase in human population requires more food production to meet their demand. Fish is a commodity of potential public health concern as it could contaminated with a wide range of environmentally persistent chemicals, including heavy metals and parasitism. No doubt, that fish harbor a wide range of ecto- and endo-parasites infecting the alimentary canal, liver, kidney, reproductive organs,...

Crustaceans have a cyclic phenomenon, moulting, for development and growth that is not encountered in most other groups of aquaculture animals. Biochemical and physiological changes in various tissues of crustaceans occur during the moult cycle. Changes to the immune components of prawns in association with moulting have also been studied to a lesser extent. Hematological variation in both total hemocyte count (THC) and differentiated hemocyte count (DHC) was recorded in individuals and between species during the moult cycle. In the current investigation, we characterized the different...

The pathogenic mechanism of white spot syndrome (WSSV) in crayfish, Procambarus clarkii by the investigating activities of immune cells related to innate immune function during infection, which caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) leads to devastating losses in crayfish farming. The WSSV protein VP28, can be used as subunit vaccines that can efficiently protect crayfish from WSSV disease. To detect the functions of VP28 and find a method to prevent this disease in red swamp crayfish P. clarkii, we constructed the plasmid vector of pleVP28. WSSV infection caused parts of the gill...