Distillation Engineering » książka
Distillation Engineering
ISBN-13: 9780820602158 / Angielski / Twarda / 1979 / 534 str.
Partial Table of Contents I. The Thermal Separation of Liquids II. Thermodynamics of Mixtures 1. Definitions and Relationships A. Separability of a Liquid Mixture B. Partial Pressures in Vapor Mixtures C. Evaporation of Liquid Mixtures 2. Types of Mixtures A. Ideal Binary Mixtures B. Nonideal Binary Mixtures C. Ideal Multicomponent Mixtures D. Nonideal Multicomponent Mixtures III. Continuous Rectifiers 1. Mode of Operations 2. Operating Lines A. Enrichment Line B. The Stripping Line 3. Stepwise Separation in Rectifiers A. Theoretical Plates for Separation of Binaries B. The Reflux Ratio in the Separation of Binaries C. Multicomponent Mixtures 4. Column Diameter and Column Throughput 5. Heat Requirements IV. The Batch Still 1. Operation 2. Operating Line and Separation Steps 3. Column Diameter, Column Throughput, and Heat Requirements 4. Time for Separation and Related Variables at Constant Product Concentration A. Molar Vapor Load Constant in Time B. Heat Requirement Constant in Time 5. Separation Time for Variable Heating Area V. The Semicontinuous Still 1. Operation 2. Finding the Operating Lines, the Separation Steps, the Column Load, the Column: Size, and the Heat Demand VI. Engineering Data, Optimization of Costs, and Selection of Column Internals 1. General A. Packing Types B. Plates and Trays 2. Designs and Functions A. Packed Towers B. Plate Columns 3. Evaluation of Rectifying Columns and Best Mode of Operation A. Evaluating and Calculations, Separating Effect, Pressure Loss, Load, Specific Column Volume, and Specific Column Cost B. Numerical Evaluation for Packed Towers C. Quantitative Evaluation for Plate-Type Columns D. Packed Columns versus Tray Columns-Operational Features and Cost E. Special Designs for Vacuum Operation 4. Tests of Full-Size Tower Internals VII. Optimum Separation 1. Optimization of Simple Columns A. The Theory and Its Application B. Quantitative Evaluation 2. Optimization of Multiple Columns A. Duplex Columns: Number of Theoretical Steps, Reflux Ratios, and Vapor Loads B. Vapor Loads of Multiple Columns Subdivided Because of Limited Height C. Optimizing Duplex Rectifiers for Minimum Pressure Loss 3. Optimum Operation of Combined Columns of Different Types Under Special Consideration A. Parallel Arrangement B. Series Arrangement 4. Specialized Operations A. Specialized Hookups and their Calculation B. Rectification in Straight Stripping Columns C. Rectification in Straight Enriching Columns D. Direct Heating of Columns E. Saving Heat in Rectification VIII. Detail Planning of Separating Columns 1. General Viewpoints in the Selection of Column Types 2. Packed Columns F. Maximum Loads for Metallic; Pall-Ring and Raschig Ring Columns 3. Special Packings 4. Plate-Type Columns 5. Pressure Losses in Rectification Columns IX. Partial Distillation 1. Separation of Liquids by Continuous Partial Distillation 2. Separation of Liquids by Discontinuous Partial Distillation X. Partial Condensation 1. Partial Condensation in Dephlegmators 2. Partial Countercurrent Direct Condensation in Columns XI. Laboratory Columns and Pilot Plants 1. Distillation Columns with Miniature Size Packing 2. Transferring Data Gained From Semi-industrial Units to Full-Scale XII. Distillation in Fine and High Vacuum 1. Molecular Distillation 2. Thin-Film Distillation 3. Mechanism of Separation XIII. Components of a Separation Plant J. Internal Components 2. Heat Exchangers 3. Pumps 4. Measuring and Controls XIV. Use of Computers XV. Distillation and Environmental Protection XVI. Outlook Bibliography Symbols and Units Glossary Index
Partial Table of ContentsI. The Thermal Separation of LiquidsII. Thermodynamics of Mixtures1. Definitions and RelationshipsA. Separability of a Liquid MixtureB. Partial Pressures in Vapor MixturesC. Evaporation of Liquid Mixtures2. Types of MixturesA. Ideal Binary MixturesB. Nonideal Binary MixturesC. Ideal Multicomponent MixturesD. Nonideal Multicomponent MixturesIII. Continuous Rectifiers1. Mode of Operations2. Operating LinesA. Enrichment LineB. The Stripping Line3. Stepwise Separation in RectifiersA. Theoretical Plates for Separation of BinariesB. The Reflux Ratio in the Separation of BinariesC. Multicomponent Mixtures4. Column Diameter and Column Throughput5. Heat RequirementsIV. The Batch Still1. Operation2. Operating Line and Separation Steps3. Column Diameter, Column Throughput, and Heat Requirements4. Time for Separation and Related Variables at ConstantProduct ConcentrationA. Molar Vapor Load Constant in TimeB. Heat Requirement Constant in Time5. Separation Time for Variable Heating AreaV. The Semicontinuous Still1. Operation2. Finding the Operating Lines, the Separation Steps, theColumn Load, the Column: Size, and the Heat DemandVI. Engineering Data, Optimization of Costs, and Selection of Column Internals1. GeneralA. Packing TypesB. Plates and Trays2. Designs and FunctionsA. Packed TowersB. Plate Columns3. Evaluation of Rectifying Columns and Best Mode of OperationA. Evaluating and Calculations, Separating Effect,Pressure Loss, Load, Specific Column Volume, and Specific Column CostB. Numerical Evaluation for Packed TowersC. Quantitative Evaluation for Plate-Type ColumnsD. Packed Columns versus Tray Columns-OperationalFeatures and CostE. Special Designs for Vacuum Operation4. Tests of Full-Size Tower InternalsVII. Optimum Separation1. Optimization of Simple ColumnsA. The Theory and Its ApplicationB. Quantitative Evaluation2. Optimization of Multiple ColumnsA. Duplex Columns: Number of Theoretical Steps, RefluxRatios, and Vapor LoadsB. Vapor Loads of Multiple Columns Subdivided Because ofLimited HeightC. Optimizing Duplex Rectifiers for Minimum Pressure Loss3. Optimum Operation of Combined Columns of Different TypesUnder Special ConsiderationA. Parallel ArrangementB. Series Arrangement4. Specialized OperationsA. Specialized Hookups and their CalculationB. Rectification in Straight Stripping ColumnsC. Rectification in Straight Enriching ColumnsD. Direct Heating of ColumnsE. Saving Heat in RectificationVIII. Detail Planning of Separating Columns1. General Viewpoints in the Selection of Column Types2. Packed ColumnsF. Maximum Loads for Metallic; Pall-Ring and Raschig Ring Columns3. Special Packings4. Plate-Type Columns5. Pressure Losses in Rectification ColumnsIX. Partial Distillation1. Separation of Liquids by Continuous Partial Distillation2. Separation of Liquids by Discontinuous Partial DistillationX. Partial Condensation1. Partial Condensation in Dephlegmators2. Partial Countercurrent Direct Condensation in ColumnsXI. Laboratory Columns and Pilot Plants1. Distillation Columns with Miniature Size Packing2. Transferring Data Gained From Semi-industrial Units to Full-ScaleXII. Distillation in Fine and High Vacuum1. Molecular Distillation2. Thin-Film Distillation3. Mechanism of SeparationXIII. Components of a Separation PlantJ. Internal Components2. Heat Exchangers3. Pumps4. Measuring and ControlsXIV. Use of ComputersXV. Distillation and Environmental ProtectionXVI. OutlookBibliographySymbols and UnitsGlossaryIndex
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