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Biomarkers are biological characteristics used to indicate or measure disease risk, presence of disease. At present, there are no established diagnostic biomarkers that can confirm Parkinson's disease (PD) clinically or monitor its progression. Much of the advances made recently in understating PD pathogenesis can be attributed to characterizations of monogenic forms of familial PD, especially those with mutations in a-synuclein, parkin, DJ- 1, PINK 1, LRRK2 genes. As all of these gene mutations give rise to nigrostriatal neurodegeneration there has been intense interest in studying the...