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This book reviews recent developments in the field of ionic liquids (ILs), emerging as high-tech materials for a host of societally important applications. ILs are composed of ions chosen to achieve maximum destabilization of the crystalline solid state of the substance. In Walden's original paper (1914) which examined the electrical conductivity and the molecular size, of mono-, di- and tri-alkylammonium nitrates, he described this class of substances as "salts that exist in a liquid state under standard conditions due to the peculiarities of their chemical structure" and mentioned that "the...

Fourier Transform Infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR) was first developed by William Coblentz in 1905 for analytical purposes. It has been established as a powerful analytical method to analyze a wide range of materials. The most convenient way to analyze the molecular structure was to prepare KBr pellets with small amount of chemical species. Currently, the development of the Universal Attenuated Total Reflectance (UATR) allows the use of ZnSe-Diamond crystal to acquire FTIR spectra directly from the sample with no special preparation. These traditional FTIR analyses have been made with...

Cotton stickiness is a worldwide contamination problem. Stickiness is caused by sugar deposits produced either by the cotton plant itself or, most commonly, by honeydew from insects feeding on the cotton, usually aphids and whiteflies. Sticky cotton can cause residue to build up on textile equipment, leading to losses in productivity and quality.Following a general overview of cotton stickiness, the authors evaluate various detection methods, including chemical tests and physical tests, and review the advantages and limitations of high-speed stickiness detectors. They also discuss the effect...