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Herman Melville s (1819-1891) Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land (1876) is a representative American literary work of the nineteenth century, which anticipates much of the complex psychological insights of the legendary French psychologist Jacques Lacan (1901-1981); especially his highly controversial formulations on otherness. The poem is a playground for the numerous signifiers of difference, which interact with each other, but remain in a state of constant mutation so that it becomes impossible for the reader to obtain a solidified meaning out of the various encounters with the...

The Arabian 'Other' in T. E. Lawrence's (1888-1935) SPW(1935) is practically not Arabian; not even strikes one as Eastern except at few occasions. Lawrence's travel account is full of falsifications and fictions that contribute to destroying the Arabian image. SPW presents its main hero under the dual influence of war and cultural alienation, hence it is more of one man's life than a historical account of the Arabian revolution. Consequently, terms like "ambiguous," "inconsistent" and "contestable" best describe Lawrence's Arabian image. His reconstructed reality is never at any one time...