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Since the normalization of relations in 1991, Vietnam and China, two of the five remaining communist regimes, have established a robust framework for mutual learning and cooperation. This collaboration has primarily centred around party governance and cadre training.

Vietnam has actively studied and adopted elements of China’s successful model, which combines economic reform with strict political control. This approach has allowed Vietnam to maintain communist rule in the face of increasing global pressure for democratic reforms.

The process of learning from China...

Vietnam’s industrial policy has passed through three phases since the adoption of Doi Moi in 1986: liberalization with ownership bias (1986–2010), failed state-led industrialization (2000s–2010), and strategic neglect (2011–24). Each phase was marked by fragmented implementation and achieved only limited progress in structural industrial transformation. The rise of To Lam as general secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) in 2024 marks a potential inflection point—namely, the introduction of Vietnam’s most comprehensive industrial policy framework to date through...