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This monograph delineates the retention mechanisms of emerging trace organic contaminants by several nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis membranes. Retention of neutral trace organics by a tight NF or RO membrane is dominated by steric (size) exclusion, whereas both electrostatic repulsion and steric exclusion govern the retention of negatively charged trace organics by a loose NF membrane. Speciation of trace organics may lead to a dramatic change in retention as a function of pH, with much greater retention observed for ionized, negatively charged trace organics. Retention of the...

Low Salinity Waterflooding (LSW) is an emerging attractive enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method because of its oil recovery performance and relatively simple, environmentally friendly implementation, when compared with conventional waterflooding and EOR approaches. This book offers a fundamental and practical knowledge of the LSW process and its potential for improved oil recovery. Areas covered include state-of-the-art LSW development, underlying theoretical and mechanistic modeling approach, laboratory studies and field-scale applications. In addition, this book introduces the merits of...