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Cognitive radio (CR) is a kind of wireless communication wherein a transceiver can intelligently sense the vacant and occupied communication channels and promptly move into vacant channels while staving off occupied ones. This enables the optimum use of available Radio-Frequency (RF) spectrum whereas avoiding the interference to other users. Cognitive radio is a key technology that came up with the solution of the problem of underutilization of radio frequency. To explore the capabilities and benefits of CR in better way, researchers now a days are interested in adaptive control paradigms...

According to IUCN (2009), there are now 1,677 reptiles species have been included on the IUCN Red List, with 293 added in 2009. In total, 469 are threatened with extinction and 22 are already Extinct or Extinct in the wild. The present studies included the bioecology and current status of diurnal lizards of Karachi (East, South and Malir districts). The investigation was carried out on the physical characteristics of the three districts and its flora and lizard fauna. In Pakistan some lizard species are threatened, present studies also recorded that Uromastix hardwickii (Indian Spiny-tailed...

The present study included the impact of habitat destruction on the population of amphibians with reference to status of frogs and toads in Karachi and Thatta districts of Sindh. Four species of frogs, Common Skittering Frog, Tiger Frog, Indian Burrowing Frog and Indian Cricket Frog, and two toad species, Marbled Toad and Common Asian Toad were recorded. On the basis of present study, it is concluded that the permanent habitat alternation, destruction of habitat, use of indiscriminate toxic material such as pesticides, chemical fertilizers and increase of human population, three species...

This book provides new contributions to the theory of inequalities for integral and sum, and includes four chapters. In the first chapter, linear inequalities via interpolation polynomials and green functions are discussed. New results related to Popoviciu type linear inequalities via extension of the Montgomery identity, the Taylor formula, Abel-Gontscharoff's interpolation polynomials, Hermite interpolation polynomials and the Fink identity with Green’s functions, are presented. The second chapter is dedicated to Ostrowski’s inequality and results with applications to numerical...