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Surgical approaches to the apical areas of teeth have been known since antiquity. The problem of inadequate root canal therapy led some dental surgeons to approach the diseased root apex from the apical and rather than by an approach via the root canal from the coronal end. It must be emphasized that the primary treatment of the nonvital tooth relies on conventional endodontic techniques only when this treatment has failed, or in a few elected cases, should endodontic surgery be considered. The design of flaps in endodontic surgery is of prime importance. As the surgical site is very limited...

The incidence of fracture involving the mandibular condyle varies throughout the literature and is influenced by factors such as age, geographic location, and socioeconomic level of the study population. A thin neck of mandibular condyle is an area of anatomical weakness and gets easily fractured in response to any direct or indirect trauma to the mandible. Had it not been so, all the forces of trauma would have been transmitted to the middle cranial fossa. Therefore mandibular condyle acts as a shock absorber in preventing the intracranial injuries. The study is aimed at comparing outcome of...