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The Chemical plants, particularly those manufacturing urea are amongst the most complex plants in the chemical process industry. The severe operating conditions affect the safety of equipment, personnel involved and the environment. Different occurred accidents such as Port Neal Nitrogen Fertilizer (Dec 1994), Toulouse Fertilizer complex (Sept 2001) and Coffeyville Fertilizer Plant (Oct 2010) stresses to conduct hazard studies in fertilizer plants. Urea manufacturing process is described for understanding before conducting HAZOP studies. PHA is discussed including its basics, requirements,...

Nowadays, sorption is becoming one of the fastest growing techniques for the treatment of industrial effluents, because of the availability of large variety of biomaterials. A lot of experiments are being carried out to find effective biomaterials for the sorption phenomenon. The mechanism and the effectiveness of the sorption can be investigated through comparative study of experimental results with theoretical models. In this book, the sorption process is divided into two categories i.e. batch and column processes. In batch: kinetic, intraparticle-diffusion, isotherm, thermodynamics and...