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When faced with the challenge of restoring an endodontically treated tooth, the dentist must decide, first, whether the post is required and second, the type of restoration that is indicated. Earlier a post was thought to strengthen the root of an endodontically treated tooth. But it is widely held today that the primary purpose of post placement is to retain the core buildup material or to reinforce the remaining coronal tooth structure. It is difficult to discuss the longevity of teeth restored by a post because there are many variables to control. The long term clinical success of an...

Medicine and social sciences are concerned in their own special way with human behavior. The term 'social sciences' is applied to those disciplines which are committed to the scientific examination of human behaviour. These are economics, political science, sociology, social psychology and social anthropology. The term 'behavioural sciences' is applied to the last three, i.e., sociology, social psychology and social anthropology, because they deal directly with human behaviour.

Physical anthropology focuses on human biological variation through time and space. Except for those who work in primate paleontology, the temporal bounds of the field are set by hominid origins some five to eight millions years ago and extended across time through a diversity of hominid fossil species to modern members of Homo sapiens. The geographic bounds extend to all parts of the globe habitable by human populations. Methods employed for conducting research on human variation run the gamut from anatomical measurements and observations to physiological parameters and DNA.