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This book covers the seismic risk assessment of existing buildings based on hazard and vulnerability assessment. Hazard maps have been developed and vulnerability assessment of buildings was made by collecting inventory data and experimental study of typical existing buildings. Fragility curves for different types of buildings including single and double stories unreinforced brick masonry and concrete block masonry buildings, single, double and three stories confined brick masonry buildings, and double stories reinforced concrete buildings by using advanced capacity spectrum method (ACSM)....

A novel approach that hallmarks the synthesis of hydrogel silica nanocomposites for their diverse utilization in bio-medical and chemical domains. Silica nanoparticals have been used for the enhancement of mechanical strength of hydrogel. Surface modification method was used to avoid the agglomeration of nanoparticals in hydrogel matrix. An exponential increment of unconfined compression strength of hydrogel with addition of nanoparticals, have been observed.