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Data mining is considered as the analysis step of the Knowledge Discovery in Databases process where it composed of the pre-processing, machine learning and visualization of the input data. Pre-processing stage contain techniques for fixing the pre-assumptions made by some machine learning techniques on input data sets. Medical data sets as a real life data could not follow pre-assumption. Some techniques in the pre-processing stage could lead to a distortion in the internal structure of the medical data. This book disuses this problem and the ways of avoiding it through a set of proposed...

The main advantages electronic cash systems over other electronic payment systems are its bearing the characteristics of normal paper-based cash systems, i.e. the offline payment and the anonymity of the client (user). However, the anonymity property may be misused for illegal purpose where the signed code delivered to the client could be cloned by such client to be spent in multi-payment processes "double spending". The proposed schemes of such electronic cash system, started in 1988, failed to be the main e-payment model for e-commerce because none of these schemes could reach a solution to...