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The quantum measurement problem is considered one of the most fascinating and challenging topics in physics, both theoretically and experimentally. It involves deep questions and the use of very sophisticated and elegant techniques. After analyzing the fundamental princples of quantum mechanics and of the Copenhagen interpretation, this work reviews the most important approaches to the measurement problem and reformulates the "collapse of the wave function" by measurement, as a dephasing process quantitavely characterized by an order parameter (called the decoherence parameter), according to...

This is a textbook on stochastic quantization which was originally proposed by G. Parisi and Y. S. Wu in 1981 and then developed by many workers. I assume that the reader has finished a standard course in quantum field theory. The Parisi-Wu stochastic quantization method gives quantum mechanics as the thermal-equilibrium limit of a hypothetical stochastic process with respect to some fictitious time other than ordinary time. We can consider this to be a third method of quantization; remarkably different from the conventional theories, i. e, the canonical and path-integral ones. Over the past...