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The efficacy of immune system may be deregulated by various exogenous and endogenous factors which impair the immunohomeostasis of birds and their elimination is not always possible. As a result, birds become more prone to secondary disease conditions and show poor growth even if provided feed ad libitum and ultimately resulted in low feed conversion ratio and productivity. One of the practical methods to protect the immunobalance is by the use of pharmacological immunomodulators. Although vaccines and antibiotics have contributed a lot in controlling infectious diseases but frequent...

Toxoplasmosis is one among the most important zoonotic diseases with a worldwide geographical distribution. All warm blooded animals and human beings can be affected by this disease. Man acquires infection with Toxoplasma gondii by consumption of raw and undercooked infected meat of intermediate hosts like poultry birds, or by ingestion of sporulated oocysts via consumption of contaminated food and water. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii in free range chickens of district, Faisalabad, Punjab-Pakistan. Overall seroprevalence of T....