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There can be no products without processes. Though a generalization, this statement encapsulates the importance of process-oriented approaches in language teaching and learning. In recent decades, researchers and practitioners alike are increasingly focusing their attention on: 1) the learner as the active subject and the internal processes that constitute his/her learning leading to communicative competence; 2) teaching approaches that reflect this view of language learning; and 3) factors such as the sociocultural context, social interactions and discourse, and individual learner...

Nearly half a century has passed since Hymes proposed the concept of communicative competence to describe the knowledge and skills required for the appropriate use of language in a social context. During these decades, a number of scholars have applied and refined this concept. In language education, communicative competence has been identified as a major objective of learning.

This book will inform readers about communicative competence as a highly complex construct encompassing an array of sub-competencies such as linguistic skills and proficiencies, knowledge of socio-cultural...