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Michael Constantine Psellus (1018-1178 C.E) was one of the most notable writers and philosophers of the Byzantine era. The Byzantine domain was effectively the eastern Greek speaking part of the Roman Empire centred on Byzantium (Constantinople, modern Istanbul) which split off from the Latin West in 364 C.E. Its intellectual legacies helped lay the foundations for the Italian Renaissance. It was the fall of Constantinople in 1453 that released a tide of Greek reading scholars into Western Europe, particularly Venice. With them came much of the magical and Hermetic knowledge which the Greeks...

Psellus here delivers one of the more in depth works on demonology which has ever been made. Categorizing demons in the form of a Socratic dialogue between Timothy and Thracian, Psellus remarks upon the form, goals, and nature of the demonic realm in all its subsets. We see here, for the more secular reader, as well, a description of possession as a de facto mental state, and a description of speaking in tongues under such power as well. Moreover, the use of mind altering substances as a way of communication with such entities is not explicit here but indeed is implied.