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Presents a unified description of the spontaneous symmetry breaking and its associated bosons in fermion field theory. This title discusses the exact spectrum of the Thirring model by the Bethe ansatz solutions. It examines the boson spectrum in QCD2, and

This treatise delves into the latest advancements in stochastic volatility models, highlighting the utilization of Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations for estimating model parameters and forecasting the volatility and quantiles of financial asset returns. The modeling of financial time series volatility constitutes a crucial aspect of finance, as it plays a vital role in predicting return distributions and managing risks. Among the various econometric models available, the stochastic volatility model has been a popular choice, particularly in comparison to other models, such as GARCH models,...