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Cellulose is used as a food source by many organisms. Plant fibers are major components of ruminant diets, and the anaerobic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and protozoa, inhabiting the rumen ecosystem play a vital role in their digestion. Thus cattle and sheep have symbiotic microorganisms in their rumen that produce various cellulases and hemicellulases. Cellulolytic enzymes have been isolated from rumen fungi and some of them are well characterized. Previous dogma has maintained that cellulose, ingested by xylophagous or herbivorous animals, is digested by cellulolytic symbiotes....

Pakistans economy is based on agriculture and females provide more labour input in production of major crops such as rice, wheat and cotton as compared to males. They work for longer hours in the fields along with performing their household chores. In Punjab participation of females is highest in cotton production; in majority of areas females are exclusively involved in cotton picking activity. Females while picking cotton do not bother about precautionary measures to avoid from harmful effects disposed off by pesticides used in these fields, with which they come in contact via skin or other...

Metal contamination in fresh waters is a great problem to aquatic life. The contaminants like heavy and toxic metals after entering into aquatic ecosystem and bioaccumulation in organs and tissues of aquatic organisms. Fishes are exposed of to these contaminates in the high concentration which bioaccumulated into the various organs and body fluids. The amount of metal ingested by the organism has been reflects the bioaccumulation of that specific metal in the tissues and organs. The amount of metal in different tissues depends upon the tissue type and metal type also. When these fishes have...