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The primary focus of this book is the laws of war, also referred to as the international law of armed conflict and international humanitarian law. There are two aspects to the laws of war, jus ad bellum, the rules governing resort to armed conflict, and jus in bello, the rules governing the conduct of armed conflict. The purpose of the book is to inform police officials about the latter. It is also written for other State officials, including the military, who may carry out police operations, educators and trainers of police and those who monitor or investigate police or otherwise seek to...

The Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment was adopted on 10 December 1984, by the General Assembly of the United Nations. It entered into force on 26 June 1987. 118 States have ratified or acceded to this Convention. Under article 19 of the Convention, each State party has to submit an initial report within one year of the entry into force of the Convention for that State and thereafter a supplementary report (periodic report) every four years. The Committee Against Torture has been formed to monitor the implementation of the Convention. At...

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination was adopted thirty-five years ago, on 21 December 1965, by the General Assembly of the United Nations, and entered into force on 4 January 1969. It was the first of the universal human rights treaties with a treaty-monitoring body to be adopted and enter into force. At present, 156 States have ratified or acceded to this Convention.
Under article 9 of the Convention, each State party has to submit a report within one year after the entry into force of the Convention for that State and thereafter every...