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Due to the growing demand for clean sources of energy, the manufacture of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has expanded dramatically in recent years. This book gathers research from around the globe in this dynamic field.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Evolvable Systems, ICES 2001, held in Tokyo, Japan in October 2001. The 30 revised full papers presented were reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. The papers are organized in topical sections on evolutionary design of electronic circuits, embryonic electronics, biologically-based systems, evolutionary robotics, evolutionary optimization, evolutionary learning, and applications.