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Protein is generally considered one of the major cost components of poultry diets. In recent years, the use of low CP diets with amino acids supplementation in broilers has increased due to the reasons of feed cost, feed efficiency and flexibility in feed formulation. However, in sub-tropical countries like Pakistan, already low nutrient density diets are formulated for open type housing. The environment controlled farming has increased rapidly with rearing of Hubbard strain during the last few years. But very little information is available on the use of low CP diets in environment...

Crop residues are receiving considerable attention due to scarcity of green fodder. Efficient utilization of these crop residues by ruminants is hardly possible because these are high in fiber and low in protein. Thus, effective and economical source of energy and nitrogen are needed to supplement low quality roughage for ruminants. Oil seed meals and cereal grains are effective supplements, but are expensive to afford for a low-medium level farmer. Moreover, there is very limited scope for increasing the area under fodder cultivation. Therefore, animal excreta or dung or manure have been...