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Oral health has always been an inseparable part of general health and affects the total wellbeing of individuals. The unique characteristic of oral and dental diseases is that they are universally prevalent and do not undergo remission or termination if untreated and require technically demanding expertise and time consuming professional treatment. Orthopantogram(OPG), is a panoramic scanning dental X-ray of the upper and lower jaw. It shows a two-dimensional view of a half-circle from ear to ear. A large number of anatomical structures appear on an OPG: Soft tissue structures, air shadows,...

Although there are a lot of modalities that can measure the mandible linearly, there are no clear studies done to test the accuracy of each method. Therefore studying of the Characteristics and reliability of length measurements of the human mandible by comparing orthopantomograms (OPTs) and lateral cephalogram will give the answers about the raised questions about the accuracy of these two methods. This Book fall into five chapters, Chapter one consists of introduction about the OPT and Cephalogram, objectives, significant of the study and the overview of the study. Chapter two includes the...

The progress of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a clinical tool has been surprising, out-stripping the rate of development of any other imaging modalities. MRI is often used to help investigate the source of many potential knee problems and conditions. Use this guide to help understand some of the common conditions seen by MRI The Magnetic Resonance Imaging Appearance of the knee joint has proved highly successful in guiding the study of the anatomical structures of the knee joint in sagittal planes, to evaluate the fast spin echo/T1 and fast spin echo/proton density/SPIR pulse sequences...