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Molecular markers are used for germplasm characterization, genetic mapping, gene tagging, and gene introgression from exotic species in brassica. Genetic maps aids to the understanding of genome in terms of structure, function and evolution and represents an important tool for crop enhancements on genetic level. Present study aims at reviewing the use of molecular markers for mapping and tagging qualitative and quantitative traits in brassica so that this information can be easily available to researchers as a reference. A number of important traits in light of molecular genetics in Brassica...

The Punjab has diverse vegetation types occurring in isolated patches like graveyards, forest plantation and prohibited areas under armed forces and salinity/ sodicity affected soils. Desert and semi-desert vegetations occur in Cholistan and Thar areas, the mountain regions of Punjab and edges of Suleman Range near Rajan Pur have hot mountainous type vegetation. The southern edge of the Potohar Plateau is demarcated by famous salt range of Pakistan. Findings exhibited that how water table, drought, aridity, manmade deforestation, over/ uncontrolled grazing and browsing wiped out the precious...

Different fodder species were collected from various fields of (Sargodha, Punjab) Pakistan irrigated with different water treatments. The samples were scitifically treated and statistically analyzed. Mineral levels in different forage species were analyzed with the help of atomic absorption spectrophotometer and flame photometer. Importance of the nutritive elements of various forages for grazing livestock was kept in view with a prime concern to improve the productivity thereof. Also the effect of sewage water on the mineral concentration in the forage species was closely observed in this...