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This study investigated trends in environmental sustainability of US consumer packaging from 1971 to 2011, comparing twenty-three "current" packages to twenty-three "old" packages. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, using COMPASS(r) software was employed. The scope of the LCA in this study includes the manufacturing, the conversion, and the end-of-life phases of the primary packaging. Five life cycle impact indicators were selected in this study: fossil fuel consumption, water consumption, biotic resource consumption, mineral resource consumption, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions....

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been widely recommended to the most promising baseband modulation and multiplexing technology for 3G and 4G communication systems because of its spectral efficiency and robustness against frequency selective fading channel. Furthermore, direct conversion based RF transceiver has had more advantages in aspects of power consumption, area and complexity than conventional heterodyne transceiver. In order to maintain all merits in both direct conversion structure and OFDM, many algorithms have been studied to compensate inevitable...