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Amazonian soils are almost universally thought of as extremely forbidding. However, it is now clear that complex societies with large, sedentary populations were present for over a millennium before European contact. Associated with these are tracts of anomalously fertile, dark soils termed terra preta or dark earths. These soils are presently an important agricultural resource within Amazonia and provide a model for developing long-term future sustainability of food production in tropical environments. The late Dutch soil scientist Wim Sombroek (1934-2003) was instrumental in...

Amazonian soils are almost universally thought of as extremely forbidding. However, it is now clear that complex societies with large, sedentary populations were present for over a millennium before European contact. Associated with these are tracts of anomalously fertile, dark soils termed terra preta or dark earths. These soils are presently an important agricultural resource within Amazonia and provide a model for developing long-term future sustainability of food production in tropical environments. The late Dutch soil scientist Wim Sombroek (1934-2003) was instrumental in...

In the Italian theory and practice of art of the Renaissance, the term chiaroscuro primarily refers to the articulation of sculptural qualities, i.e. depth or rilievo. In this context, rilievo refers to an innovative design principle, which replaces the inherent value of medieval chromatic shading with achromatic shades. By contrast, paintings and graphic art in the northern Alpine region tended to create the depth in the surface of objects by using light-dark effects. Based on this comparison, the book deals with chiaroscuro as an aesthetic principle,...