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The number of ESL students has more than doubled since the 1980s and has recently grown significantly at North American schools. Increasingly, writing-proficiency standards are being established for students regardless of their native languages. Within this context, ESL students have to compete with native English students in writing. Like their native English peers, ESL students are expected to successfully demonstrate their ability to write English compositions and complete high-stakes essay examinations. However, research shows that ESL students face considerable challenges in passing...

Foreign language anxiety is widely used to describe the feeling of tension and apprehension, which is specifically associated with second language contexts, including speaking, listening and learning. It is a distinct complex of self-perceptions, beliefs, feelings and behaviours related to classroom language learning arising from the uniqueness of the language learning process. In general, students who struggle with anxiety are more likely to struggle with reading, writing and most notably, listening comprehension and speaking. Research shows that students, regardless of anxiety within a...