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This paper focuses on the characteristics of a representativecategory of congestion pricing regimes ("the representative regimes"). The representative regimes have the characteristics that many if not most congestion pricing regimes share: a priced period, an unpriced period, and at least two heterogeneous user groups. This paper found that: a) Treating all users as homogeneous in the model produced biased indicators; b) When heterogeneous users are categorized into two user groups and group- specific data were used in the model, economic efficiencies of the representative regimes remain...

Big and Open Data for High-quality Transit Access: Design, Features, and Performance of Multi-modal Transit Catchment Areas revisits the concept of "transit area" and the existing, normative, and future practice of transit area planning against the backdrop of increasing availability and usage of big and open data in transit-land use planning. Using empirical data and case studies, it illustrates how transit area can be epitomized and defined in two dimensions: feature (form) and performance (function) and how big and open data and its combination with data from traditional sources can be...